Description:•bilateral symmetry, body segmentation, endoskeleton (bony or cartilaginous), pharyngeal pouches (present during some stage of development), complete digestive system, ventral heart, closed blood system, and a tail (at some stage of development.
Divergent Event:They most likely evolved from an ancestral Unikont.
Body Plan: Multicellular, either invertebrates or vertebrates.
Metabolism:heterotrophs
Digestion:
Nervous:
Circulatory:
Respiratory:They have have lungs or book lungs or gills.
Reproduction:They reproduce sexually.
Ex)Humans like me :) or Mans best friend the dog .
Friday, March 30, 2012
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Kingdon Fungi
Description- They have cell walls, but these contain chitin rather than cellulose. Many from symbiotic relationships with other organisms, or feed on decomposing organic matter.
Body Plan-Fungi are usually multicellular organisms, but there are some unicellular fungi.
Divergent Event-Fungi appear to have diverged from other eukaroytic organisms (which later developed into plants and animals) about 1 billion years ago. The fungal fossil record is largely incomplete, due to the fact that fungal tissues are rarely preserved: the earliest known fungal fossils date back a mere 400 million years.
Metabolism- Fungi are entirely heterotrophic, lacking chloroplasts to convert sunlight into energy, and rely on metabolizing existing organic compounds to obtain energy.
Digestion-Digestion in fungi is extracellular; it takes place through the use of enzymes, which break down the complex organic molecules that fungi consume and then deliver nutrients to the cell.
Circulation-Fungi possess a long, branching structure called the hypha, which assists in the exchange of nutrients and water between different parts of the fungus. There is no true circulatory system
Respiration- SOme can go through cellular respiration.
Nervous-Fungi possess no nervous system
Reproduction-Fungi reproduce through spreading spores, a form of sexual reproduction, and certain types can also perform meiosis.
Examples- Yeast, and Mold.
Phyla:
Chytrids-Chytrids are predominantly aquatic, and not terrestrial.Chytrids have flagellated gametes, their reproductive cells have a flagellum that allows them to swim.
Zygomycetes-Zygomycetes are fungi characterized by the formation of sexual spores (zygospores), and vegetative mycelium that lack septa except to delimit old or injured hyphae or reproductive structures.Asexual reproduction occurs most commonly by the formation of nonmotile, unicelled sporangiospores in uni- or multispored sporangia or merosporangia.
Glomeromycetes-Reproduces asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores.This is fungi found in soil and fresh water habitats and are mostly detritivores, subsisting on decaying organic matter.
Ascomycetes- The largest phylum of fungi. They are asexual. They can be used for anibiotics to baker's yeast.
Body Plan-Fungi are usually multicellular organisms, but there are some unicellular fungi.
Divergent Event-Fungi appear to have diverged from other eukaroytic organisms (which later developed into plants and animals) about 1 billion years ago. The fungal fossil record is largely incomplete, due to the fact that fungal tissues are rarely preserved: the earliest known fungal fossils date back a mere 400 million years.
Metabolism- Fungi are entirely heterotrophic, lacking chloroplasts to convert sunlight into energy, and rely on metabolizing existing organic compounds to obtain energy.
Digestion-Digestion in fungi is extracellular; it takes place through the use of enzymes, which break down the complex organic molecules that fungi consume and then deliver nutrients to the cell.
Circulation-Fungi possess a long, branching structure called the hypha, which assists in the exchange of nutrients and water between different parts of the fungus. There is no true circulatory system
Respiration- SOme can go through cellular respiration.
Nervous-Fungi possess no nervous system
Reproduction-Fungi reproduce through spreading spores, a form of sexual reproduction, and certain types can also perform meiosis.
Examples- Yeast, and Mold.
Phyla:
Chytrids-Chytrids are predominantly aquatic, and not terrestrial.Chytrids have flagellated gametes, their reproductive cells have a flagellum that allows them to swim.
Zygomycetes-Zygomycetes are fungi characterized by the formation of sexual spores (zygospores), and vegetative mycelium that lack septa except to delimit old or injured hyphae or reproductive structures.Asexual reproduction occurs most commonly by the formation of nonmotile, unicelled sporangiospores in uni- or multispored sporangia or merosporangia.
Glomeromycetes-Reproduces asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores.This is fungi found in soil and fresh water habitats and are mostly detritivores, subsisting on decaying organic matter.
Ascomycetes- The largest phylum of fungi. They are asexual. They can be used for anibiotics to baker's yeast.
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
Works Cited
http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/chromalveolata/default.htm
http://www.users.muohio.edu/smithhn/cycad.htm
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/fungi/fungi.htm
www.mycotopia.ney
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/fungi/fungi.htm#Phylum:%20Chytridomycota%20(Chytrids)
Simpson, Ag; Inagaki, Y; Roger, Aj (Mar 2006). "Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of "primitive" eukaryotes" (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3): 615–25. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj068. PMID 16308337
2.^ a b Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, et al (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (10): 3859–64. Bibcode 2009PNAS..106.3859H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807880106. PMC 2656170. PMID 19237557.
3.^ Simpson AG (November 2003). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (Pt 6): 1759–77. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0. PMID 14657103.
http://www.users.muohio.edu/smithhn/cycad.htm
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/fungi/fungi.htm
www.mycotopia.ney
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/fungi/fungi.htm#Phylum:%20Chytridomycota%20(Chytrids)
Simpson, Ag; Inagaki, Y; Roger, Aj (Mar 2006). "Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of "primitive" eukaryotes" (Free full text). Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3): 615–25. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj068. PMID 16308337
2.^ a b Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, et al (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (10): 3859–64. Bibcode 2009PNAS..106.3859H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807880106. PMC 2656170. PMID 19237557.
3.^ Simpson AG (November 2003). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (Pt 6): 1759–77. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0. PMID 14657103.
Sunday, March 11, 2012
Kingdom Animalia
Description: Animals are a group of complex, eukaryotic organisms. They are very diverse.
Body Plan: All animals are multicellular organisms, with specialized cells. They can have either radial or bilateral symmetry.
Divergent Event:
Metabolism: Animals are heterotrophs, and ingest other organisms to gain sustenance. Digestion: Some animals possess intracellular digestion, such as jellyfish and hydra. Extracellular digestion takes place in animals such as humans, who use enzymes to digest materials and then absorb them directly.
Circulation: The open system they exchange wastes over the cell membrane. With closed circulatory systems it goes through a number of areas to cleanse the blood. The two organs that “bad blood” goes through is the kidneys and the liver, and they detoxify the blood by filtering the impurities and sending it excreted or defecated. Some of the animals have a 2 chambered heart, and some have a four chambered heart. One example of a double chambered heart is a bird, and then the one that has four chambers is a human.
Respiration: All animals contain mitochondria and go through cellular respiration. Some animals contain lungs to help them breath while others have gills to help them breath while some have both.
Nervous: Animals possess both a brain and ganglia that accompany it, which make up their nervous systems. Common parts of animal brains include the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus.
Reproduction: Animals engage in both sexual and asexual reproduction. Humans, for example, are bred through sexual reproduction, but there are also some species that undergo parthogenesis (self-fertilization of egg cells by a female), such as the whiptail lizard, a species entirely composes of females.
Examples: Humans,are a prime example of animals. We are complex, two legged vertebrates that consume other organisms to gain energy, like other animals.
Cnidaria- Two-cell layered body with a digestive cavity the is surrounded by tentacles to catch its prey. They are ocoelmates. Ex) Jellyfish, Hydras
Platyhelminthes-They are flatworms that are motile organisms whose bodies are the first to have 3 cell layers and bilateral symmetry. They are acoelomates. They can be parisitic and undergo regeneration.
Nematoda- They are roundworms that are soil-dwellers and have pseudocoelomate bodies. They have a complete digestive tract that goes from mouth to anus. Some can be parisites.
Rotifera- They are filter feeders that are pseudocoelomates with a complex digestive system
Mollusca-They are motile organisms with a soft body and a hard shell. They are the first protosomes and coelomates. Ex) Octopuses, snails
Annelida- They are worms with two openings, a mouth and an anus. They have a fully developed digestive system, closed circulatory system, developed nervous system. With setae Ex). Earthworms
Arthropoda- Animals with segmented bodies; paired, jointed legs; and a chitinous exoskeleton. They are unusual in that they have an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart. Ex) Lobster, Crabs
Echinodermata-Sessile or sedentary animals with a spiny exoskeleton. They are the first deuterosomes. Ex) Sea Urchin
Chordata-Animals that have a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and a postanal tail, and a pharyngeal gill slits at some point in ther lives or development. Most are vertebrates but some aren't Ex)Pices, Aves
Calcerea- They are sponges and are the first sponges to posses spicules made of calcium carbonate. They have radial symmetry and are acoelomates
Silicea- They are sponges that have spicules made of silicon dioxide. They are closely related to Calcerea.
Kingdom Plantae
Description:Eukaryotes wth cell walls made of cellulose
Divergent Event:The plants first appeared in the Ordovician, but did not begin to resemble modern plants until the Late Silurian. By the close of the Devonian, about 360 million years ago, there were a wide variety of shapes and sizes of plants around, including tiny creeping plants and tall forest trees.
Body Plan: They are multicellular
Metabolism: They are Photoautotrophs.
Digestion:
Nervous:None
Circulatory:None
Respiratory:Photosynthesis
Reproduction: They can reproduce sexually and asexually.
Examples:An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus ,which about 600 species exist.The genus is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in Asia and the Americas.
Rose-A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa.
Bryophyta-They are primitive plants and lacl true stems, roots and leaves. They anchor themselves in the soil using rhizoids. They have flagellated sperm within the antheridium and lie within the archegonium. Ex) Mosses, Liverworts
Anthocerotophyta-They are known as flowering plants. Their seeds are enclosed in a fruit or nut. Multicellular with highly specialized and developed conducting tissue for the transport of water and nutrients. They can be further divided into monocots and dicots.
Lycopodiophyta- They are club mosses that are small with rhizomes and short,erect branches. They were common 300 million years ago when their extinct relatives were tree-like plants.
Pteridophyta-They are seedless plants. They are among the earliest vascular plants to colonize on to land. The life cycle of a fern involves alternation of generation.
Marchiantiophyta-All liverwort gametophytes are characterized by the following features:Protonema ,if any, has straight cross walls and produces only one erect gametophyte;Chloroplasts are small and many ;Leafy liverworts are more common than thallose liverworts; leafy liverworts can usually be distinguished from mosses by the row of small underleaves on the ventral surface. Leafy liverworts are always flattened but so are some mosses. No stomata, but the more complex thallose liverworts have open pores that have limited ability to close.
The sporophyte is determinate, and enclosed at first in a calyptra derived from archegonial tissue. The stalk is very short.
Cycadophyta-The Cycads are an ancient phylum, surviving through the age of the dinosaurs to modern times. There is a great deal of variation within the phylum, but a few unique characteristics hold them together and differentiate them from other seed-bearing plants. They are Dioecius , Tropical and sub-tropical habitats, Pachycaul stem, Girdling leaf traces, Coralloid roots, Lack axillary buds, and open carpophylls.
Ginkophyta- The only living species in this group of seed-bearing plants, although the ginkgophytes are known in the fossil record dating back to the last period of the Paleozoic Era.The common name for this species is the "Ginkgo" or the "maidenhair tree".The species owes its current existence to cultivation. They are a dioecious species. The fleshy seed coatings produced on female Ginkgos produce butyric acid.
Pinophyta-They are woody plants that bear their seeds in cones. They gave tracheids and well-developed phloem. Fertilization does not require a water source. They are dominant plants
Gnetophyta-Has a presence of both tracheids and vessel elements in their xylem tissue. Angiosperms might be an ancestor.Gnetophyta's unique fertilization feature is that a tube grows from the eggs to unite with the pollen tubes in order for fertilization to take place between the gametophytes. The sperm themselves are not motile.This is the only type of gymnosperm that undergoes double fertilization, however no endosperm forms and the 2nd egg fertilized disintegrates.Some of the species can produce nectar and come across insects.
Magnoliophyta-Magnoliophyta is the Plant Division that includes flowering plants. Sometimes they are also called "angiosperms." Plants in the Magnoliophyta Division have leaves, stems, and roots. They have seeds which are enclosed in a shell-like coating. These seeds are spread by wind, water, or animals so that they may land in new places and grow into new plants. Ex)grains, grasses
----------Monocotyledonae-(Lilopsida)Contains one cotyledon, the veins of their leaves are arranges in straight lines up and down, fibrous root system, flower organs are multiples of three.Ex)Orchid, Lily
----------Dicotyledon-Contains two cotyledons, has netlike veins, Vascular tissue arranges in a ring, taproot is present, flower organs are in multiples of 4 or 5.EX) Snow Pea, California poppy
Divergent Event:The plants first appeared in the Ordovician, but did not begin to resemble modern plants until the Late Silurian. By the close of the Devonian, about 360 million years ago, there were a wide variety of shapes and sizes of plants around, including tiny creeping plants and tall forest trees.
Body Plan: They are multicellular
Metabolism: They are Photoautotrophs.
Digestion:
Nervous:None
Circulatory:None
Respiratory:Photosynthesis
Reproduction: They can reproduce sexually and asexually.
Examples:An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus ,which about 600 species exist.The genus is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in Asia and the Americas.
Rose-A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa.
Bryophyta-They are primitive plants and lacl true stems, roots and leaves. They anchor themselves in the soil using rhizoids. They have flagellated sperm within the antheridium and lie within the archegonium. Ex) Mosses, Liverworts
Anthocerotophyta-They are known as flowering plants. Their seeds are enclosed in a fruit or nut. Multicellular with highly specialized and developed conducting tissue for the transport of water and nutrients. They can be further divided into monocots and dicots.
Lycopodiophyta- They are club mosses that are small with rhizomes and short,erect branches. They were common 300 million years ago when their extinct relatives were tree-like plants.
Pteridophyta-They are seedless plants. They are among the earliest vascular plants to colonize on to land. The life cycle of a fern involves alternation of generation.
Marchiantiophyta-All liverwort gametophytes are characterized by the following features:Protonema ,if any, has straight cross walls and produces only one erect gametophyte;Chloroplasts are small and many ;Leafy liverworts are more common than thallose liverworts; leafy liverworts can usually be distinguished from mosses by the row of small underleaves on the ventral surface. Leafy liverworts are always flattened but so are some mosses. No stomata, but the more complex thallose liverworts have open pores that have limited ability to close.
The sporophyte is determinate, and enclosed at first in a calyptra derived from archegonial tissue. The stalk is very short.
Cycadophyta-The Cycads are an ancient phylum, surviving through the age of the dinosaurs to modern times. There is a great deal of variation within the phylum, but a few unique characteristics hold them together and differentiate them from other seed-bearing plants. They are Dioecius , Tropical and sub-tropical habitats, Pachycaul stem, Girdling leaf traces, Coralloid roots, Lack axillary buds, and open carpophylls.
Ginkophyta- The only living species in this group of seed-bearing plants, although the ginkgophytes are known in the fossil record dating back to the last period of the Paleozoic Era.The common name for this species is the "Ginkgo" or the "maidenhair tree".The species owes its current existence to cultivation. They are a dioecious species. The fleshy seed coatings produced on female Ginkgos produce butyric acid.
Pinophyta-They are woody plants that bear their seeds in cones. They gave tracheids and well-developed phloem. Fertilization does not require a water source. They are dominant plants
Gnetophyta-Has a presence of both tracheids and vessel elements in their xylem tissue. Angiosperms might be an ancestor.Gnetophyta's unique fertilization feature is that a tube grows from the eggs to unite with the pollen tubes in order for fertilization to take place between the gametophytes. The sperm themselves are not motile.This is the only type of gymnosperm that undergoes double fertilization, however no endosperm forms and the 2nd egg fertilized disintegrates.Some of the species can produce nectar and come across insects.
Magnoliophyta-Magnoliophyta is the Plant Division that includes flowering plants. Sometimes they are also called "angiosperms." Plants in the Magnoliophyta Division have leaves, stems, and roots. They have seeds which are enclosed in a shell-like coating. These seeds are spread by wind, water, or animals so that they may land in new places and grow into new plants. Ex)grains, grasses
----------Monocotyledonae-(Lilopsida)Contains one cotyledon, the veins of their leaves are arranges in straight lines up and down, fibrous root system, flower organs are multiples of three.Ex)Orchid, Lily
----------Dicotyledon-Contains two cotyledons, has netlike veins, Vascular tissue arranges in a ring, taproot is present, flower organs are in multiples of 4 or 5.EX) Snow Pea, California poppy
Kingdom Protista
Description:Protists are a group of eukaryotic microorganisms that live in aquatic enviornments. They are considered more complex than archaebacteria and eubacteria, but are still very simplistic compared to fungi, animals, and plants. Protists function as primary producers in many aquatic ecosystems. Not considered a true monophyletic kingdom.
Divergent Event:The first protists are suspected to have come about over 2 billion years ago, through a process of endosymbiosis,which eventually led to a new type of organism being created entirely.
Body Plan: They can be both unicellular and multicellular.
Metabolism:Protists are both autotrophic and heterotrophic, due to the wide range of structural forms the organisms possess. An example of autotrophic protists would be algae, which are photosynthetic plant-like organisms, and an example of heterotrophic protists are amoebas, which engulf organic compounds and digest them.
Digestion:Most protists possess intracellular digestion, but some animal-like ones possess extracellular digestive systems. These animal-like protists have complete digestive systems, as they dissolve complex organic compounds.
Nervous:They have none
Circulatory: They have none.
Respiratory: They rely on diffusion with the enviornment
Reproduction:Protists can reproduce sexually or asexually
Examples:Amoeoba
Paramecium
Excavata- They are unicellular eukaryotes. Most lack mitochondria. Can have 2 or more flagella. Live life as single cells.
Chromalveolata-Consists of 3 groups he Heterokontae, Alveolatae, and Eukaryomonadae whose taxa may be photosynthetic, parasitic, saprophytic, or heterotrophic. A type of chromalveolata is a Ciliate which is not photosyntheic and contains aveoli and uniformed flagella
Rhizaira At type of amoeba that performs phagocytosis by surrounding and engulfing food using pseudopods(False Feet) Nearly all have mitochondria.Ex). Cercozoa
Archaeplastida-Comprised of red and green algae and the land plants, together with a small group called the glaucophytes. They got their chloroplasts endosymbiotically.Although many studies have suggested that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group, research suggests that they are in fact paraphyletic.
Unikonta-The group includes eukaryotic cells that have a single emergent flagellum, or are amoebae with no flagella. The unikonts include opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa. By contrast other well-known eukaryotic groups, which more often have two emergent flagella (although there are many exceptions) are often referred to as bikonts.
Divergent Event:The first protists are suspected to have come about over 2 billion years ago, through a process of endosymbiosis,which eventually led to a new type of organism being created entirely.
Body Plan: They can be both unicellular and multicellular.
Metabolism:Protists are both autotrophic and heterotrophic, due to the wide range of structural forms the organisms possess. An example of autotrophic protists would be algae, which are photosynthetic plant-like organisms, and an example of heterotrophic protists are amoebas, which engulf organic compounds and digest them.
Digestion:Most protists possess intracellular digestion, but some animal-like ones possess extracellular digestive systems. These animal-like protists have complete digestive systems, as they dissolve complex organic compounds.
Nervous:They have none
Circulatory: They have none.
Respiratory: They rely on diffusion with the enviornment
Reproduction:Protists can reproduce sexually or asexually
Examples:Amoeoba
Paramecium
Excavata- They are unicellular eukaryotes. Most lack mitochondria. Can have 2 or more flagella. Live life as single cells.
Chromalveolata-Consists of 3 groups he Heterokontae, Alveolatae, and Eukaryomonadae whose taxa may be photosynthetic, parasitic, saprophytic, or heterotrophic. A type of chromalveolata is a Ciliate which is not photosyntheic and contains aveoli and uniformed flagella
Rhizaira At type of amoeba that performs phagocytosis by surrounding and engulfing food using pseudopods(False Feet) Nearly all have mitochondria.Ex). Cercozoa
Archaeplastida-Comprised of red and green algae and the land plants, together with a small group called the glaucophytes. They got their chloroplasts endosymbiotically.Although many studies have suggested that the Archaeplastida form a monophyletic group, research suggests that they are in fact paraphyletic.
Unikonta-The group includes eukaryotic cells that have a single emergent flagellum, or are amoebae with no flagella. The unikonts include opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa. By contrast other well-known eukaryotic groups, which more often have two emergent flagella (although there are many exceptions) are often referred to as bikonts.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Description: Eubacteria are prokaryotic organisms
Divergent Event: Research shows that about 3 billion years ago, Eubacteria split from Archaebacteria.
Body Plan:Unicellular
Metabolism: They are both heterotrophic and autotrophic.
Digestion: Intracellular
Nervous: None
Circulatory:None
Respiratory: They can be aerobic and anaerobic. Anaerobes go through fermentation.
Reproduction:They are asexual and go through mitosis or meiosis
Examples:
Proteobacteria-The Proteobacteria kingdom is the largest and most diverse in Bacteria. These organisms show extreme metabolic diversity and represent the majority of known gram-negative bacteria of. May have gas vesicles, flagella, or can move by gliding. Some species are able to carry out photosynthesis. Ex).Alphaproteobacteria-
Gammaproteobacteria-
Chlamydias-Is a harmful bacteria that is a Sexually Transmitted disease.Chlamydia may be found in the form of an elementary body and a reticulate body. The elementary body is the non-replicating infectious particle that is released when infected cells rupture. The elementary body is responsible for the bacteria's ability to spread from person to person. It is gram-negative.
Spirochetes- They are gram-negative, they have spiral shaped coils. They are chemoheterotrophs. They are anaerobic and asexual. Leptospira
Cyanobacteria-Also known as blue green algae, obtain energy through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts may have emerged due to endosymbiosis. Found in many aquatic areas.
Gram-Positive Bacteria- Most are chemoheterotrophs, there are few photosynthetis gram-positives. They contain more peptidoglycan. They produce endospores.
Divergent Event: Research shows that about 3 billion years ago, Eubacteria split from Archaebacteria.
Body Plan:Unicellular
Metabolism: They are both heterotrophic and autotrophic.
Digestion: Intracellular
Nervous: None
Circulatory:None
Respiratory: They can be aerobic and anaerobic. Anaerobes go through fermentation.
Reproduction:They are asexual and go through mitosis or meiosis
Examples:
Proteobacteria-The Proteobacteria kingdom is the largest and most diverse in Bacteria. These organisms show extreme metabolic diversity and represent the majority of known gram-negative bacteria of. May have gas vesicles, flagella, or can move by gliding. Some species are able to carry out photosynthesis. Ex).Alphaproteobacteria-
Gammaproteobacteria-
Chlamydias-Is a harmful bacteria that is a Sexually Transmitted disease.Chlamydia may be found in the form of an elementary body and a reticulate body. The elementary body is the non-replicating infectious particle that is released when infected cells rupture. The elementary body is responsible for the bacteria's ability to spread from person to person. It is gram-negative.
Spirochetes- They are gram-negative, they have spiral shaped coils. They are chemoheterotrophs. They are anaerobic and asexual. Leptospira
Cyanobacteria-Also known as blue green algae, obtain energy through photosynthesis. Chloroplasts may have emerged due to endosymbiosis. Found in many aquatic areas.
Gram-Positive Bacteria- Most are chemoheterotrophs, there are few photosynthetis gram-positives. They contain more peptidoglycan. They produce endospores.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Description: Archaebacteria are microscopic organisms that are prokaryotes. They are gram-positive(which means to peptidocglycan). They have no membrane bound organelles. They are obligate anaerobes which means that they can live in almost any conditions.
Divergent Event: They are the earliest forms of life known to man. Archae literally means ancient. Because of how far they go back in evolution it is hard for scientists to exactly pinpoint their origin.
Body Plan: Archaebacteria are unicellular
Metabolism: Archaebacteria can be both autotrophic(Ex).Methanococcus jannaschii) and heterotrophic(Ex.Thermococcus gorgonarius)
Digestion: They are intracellular(Endosymbiosis)
Nervous: None
Circulatory: None
Respiratory: In prokaryotes there are no mitochondria. But since they are anaerobes they can ferment.
Reproduction:Asexual
Examples:Halophiles(live in salty environments), Thermophiles(Thrive in extremely hot enviornments), and Methanogents(Produce Methane)
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